The beauty of software is in its  function ,in its internal structure,and in the way in which it is created by a team. To a user, a program with just the right features presented through an intuitive and （  ） interface is beautiful.To a software designer, an internal structure that is partitioned in a simple and intuitive manner, and that minimizes internal coupling is beautiful.To developers and managers, a motivated team of developers making significant  progress  every week, and producing  defect-free code, is beautiful. There is beauty on all these levels.
             Our world needs software -- lots of software. Fifty years ago software was something
that ran in a few big and expensive machines. Thirty years ago it was something that ran in most  companies  and industrial  settings. Now  there  is software  running  in our cell phones ,  watches, appliances, automobi1es , toys, and  tools.  And  need  for new  and  betler  software never  （  ）.  As our civilization grows and expands，as developing nations build their infrastructures, as developed  nations  strive to achieve  ever  greater  efficiencies，the need  for more  and  more  software  （  ）to increase.  It would  be a great  shame if, in all that software，there was no beauty.
        We know that software can be ugly. We know that it can be hard to use, unreliable, and carelessly structured. We know that there are software systems whose tangled and careless intemal structures make them expensive and difficult to change. We know that there are software systems that present their features through an awkward and cumbersome interface.We know that there are software systems that crash and misbehave. These are （  ） systems. Unfortunately , as a profession, software  developers  tend to create more ugly systems than beautiful ones.
        There is a secret at the best software developers know. Beauty is cheaper than ugliness. Beauty is faster than ugliness. A beautiful software system can be built and maintained in less time, and for less money, than an ugly one. Novice software developers  don't understand is. They think that they have to do everything fast and quick.They think that beauty is （  ）. No! By doing things fast and quick, they make messes that make the software stiff and hard to understand. Beautiful systems are flexible and easy to understand. Building them and maintaining them is a joy. It is ugliness that is impractical.Ugliness will  slow you down and make your software expensive and brittle. Beautiful systems cost the least to build and maintain, and are delivered soonest.